Using remote sensing techniques to track environmental changes in the southern part of Iraq

Remote sensing allows us to track Earth's surface, research changes, and study pollution's impact on humans and other species. Classification Envi program was used to compare the results of several classification methods for the smoke from the Muthanna brick manufacturers in Muthanna province, the Nasiriyah thermal station, the brick stations (al'islah) in Dhi-Qar governorate, and the southern oil refinery in Basra governorate. This study aims to analyze pollution and classification techniques to identify the extent and effects of plant and refinery smoke on reserve areas and other communities. The maximum probability technique delivers more accurate, distinct, and apparent findings than the other three. In the Muthanna brick factory, the percentage of smoke is 1.365%, whereas, in the al'islah brick factories, the rate of smoke is 4.961%. At the thermal power station in Nasiriyah, the proportion of white smoke from the chimneys and spread is around 4.605%, whereas the percentage of smoke from the South Refinery in. max is 18.927%. max is the best way to discern the image, and the other method (ISODATA, K-Means, Minimum Distance Classifier).